<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco—the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
<item><hi format=bold>Natural resources:</hi> phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
<item><hi format=bold>Land use:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>arable land:</hi> 18%
<item>• <hi format=ital>permanent crops:</hi> 1%
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> 28%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> 12%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> 41%
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by untreated sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified—Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar